\/etc\/my.cnf.d\/mysql-server.cnf<\/code>.<\/p>\nAdd or update the following under the [mysqld]<\/code> section:<\/p>\n<\/button>Copied to clipboard<\/span><\/p>\n[mysqld]\nserver-id = 1\nlog_bin = \/var\/log\/mysql\/mysql-bin.log\nbinlog_do_db = your_database_name\nbinlog_format = ROW\ngtid_mode = ON\nenforce_gtid_consistency = ON<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\nA few things worth knowing here:<\/strong><\/p>\n\nserver-id<\/code> must be unique across every server in your replication topology \u2014 1 for master, 2 for first slave, and so on. Duplicate IDs will silently break replication.<\/li>\nbinlog_do_db<\/code> restricts replication to a specific database. Leave it out if you want to replicate everything.<\/li>\nbinlog_format = ROW<\/code> is the safest option. STATEMENT<\/code> mode can cause data drift with non-deterministic functions like NOW()<\/code> or UUID()<\/code>.<\/li>\nGTID mode is optional but strongly recommended \u2014 skip the GTID lines if you’re on a very old setup, but you’ll need to track binary log positions manually.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nRestart MySQL to apply the changes:<\/p>\n
<\/button>Copied to clipboard<\/span><\/p>\nsudo systemctl restart mysql<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\nStep 2: Create a Replication User on the Master<\/h3>\n Log into MySQL on the master and create a dedicated replication user. Don’t reuse your application’s database user for this.<\/p>\n
<\/button>Copied to clipboard<\/span><\/p>\nCREATE USER 'replicator'@'slave_ip_address' IDENTIFIED WITH mysql_native_password BY 'StrongPasswordHere';\nGRANT REPLICATION SLAVE ON *.* TO 'replicator'@'slave_ip_address';\nFLUSH PRIVILEGES;<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\nReplace slave_ip_address<\/code> with the actual private IP of your slave server. Never leave example passwords in production \u2014 generate something with openssl rand -base64 24<\/code> and store it in your password manager.<\/p>\nStep 3: Record the Master Binary Log Position<\/h3>\n Still on the master, lock the tables briefly and note the current binary log file and position. You need this to tell the slave exactly where to start reading.<\/p>\n
<\/button>Copied to clipboard<\/span><\/p>\nFLUSH TABLES WITH READ LOCK;\nSHOW MASTER STATUS;<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\nYou’ll see output like this:<\/p>\n
<\/button>Copied to clipboard<\/span><\/p>\n+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+\n| File | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Executed_Gtid_Set|\n+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+\n| mysql-bin.000003 | 154 | your_db | |\n+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\nNote the File<\/code> and Position<\/code> values. Keep this MySQL session open \u2014 closing it will release the lock.<\/p>\nStep 4: Export the Master Database<\/h3>\n In a second terminal, dump the master database while the lock is held. This ensures the dump matches the log position you just recorded.<\/p>\n
<\/button>Copied to clipboard<\/span><\/p>\nmysqldump -u root -p --single-transaction --master-data=2 --databases your_database_name > master_dump.sql<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n\ud83d\udcdd Note: --master-data=2<\/code> embeds the binary log position as a comment in the dump file, which is useful for reference. If you’re using GTID mode, you can also add --set-gtid-purged=ON<\/code>.<\/p>\nOnce the dump is complete, go back to your first terminal and release the lock:<\/p>\n
<\/button>Copied to clipboard<\/span><\/p>\nUNLOCK TABLES;<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\nStep 5: Import the Dump on the Slave<\/h3>\n Copy the dump file to the slave server and import it:<\/p>\n
<\/button>Copied to clipboard<\/span><\/p>\nscp master_dump.sql user@slave_ip:\/tmp\/\nssh user@slave_ip\nmysql -u root -p your_database_name < \/tmp\/master_dump.sql<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\nStep 6: Configure the Slave Server<\/h3>\n On the slave, edit its MySQL config file with a unique server-id<\/code> and enable GTID if you’re using it:<\/p>\n<\/button>Copied to clipboard<\/span><\/p>\n[mysqld]\nserver-id = 2\nrelay_log = \/var\/log\/mysql\/mysql-relay-bin.log\ngtid_mode = ON\nenforce_gtid_consistency = ON\nread_only = ON<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\nread_only = ON<\/code> is important. It prevents application code or a runaway script from accidentally writing to the slave and causing data drift. Your replication user is exempt from this restriction, so replication still works.<\/p>\n<\/button>Copied to clipboard<\/span><\/p>\nsudo systemctl restart mysql<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\nStep 7: Connect the Slave to the Master<\/h3>\n Log into MySQL on the slave and run the CHANGE MASTER TO<\/code> command with the values you recorded in Step 3:<\/p>\n<\/button>Copied to clipboard<\/span><\/p>\nCHANGE MASTER TO\n MASTER_HOST='master_ip_address',\n MASTER_USER='replicator',\n MASTER_PASSWORD='StrongPasswordHere',\n MASTER_LOG_FILE='mysql-bin.000003',\n MASTER_LOG_POS=154;\n\nSTART SLAVE;<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n\ud83d\udcdd Note: On MySQL 8.0.23+, CHANGE MASTER TO<\/code> is deprecated in favour of CHANGE REPLICATION SOURCE TO<\/code>, and START SLAVE<\/code> becomes START REPLICA<\/code>. The old syntax still works but you’ll see deprecation warnings in the error log.<\/p>\nStep 8: Verify Replication is Running<\/h3>\n On the slave, check the replication status:<\/p>\n
<\/button>Copied to clipboard<\/span><\/p>\nSHOW SLAVE STATUSG<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\nLook for these two lines \u2014 both must say Yes<\/code>:<\/p>\n<\/button>Copied to clipboard<\/span><\/p>\nSlave_IO_Running: Yes\nSlave_SQL_Running: Yes<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\nAlso check Seconds_Behind_Master<\/code>. A value of 0<\/code> means the slave is fully caught up. A steadily growing number means the slave can’t keep up with the master’s write rate, which usually points to under-resourced hardware.<\/p>\n\u26a0 Warning: If either thread shows No<\/code>, check the Last_IO_Error<\/code> and Last_SQL_Error<\/code> fields in the same output. Those will tell you exactly what went wrong.<\/p>\nCommon Issues and Troubleshooting<\/h2>\nSlave_IO_Running: Connecting (never reaches Yes)<\/h3>\n This almost always means the slave can’t reach the master on port 3306. Check your firewall rules on both servers. On Ubuntu with UFW:<\/p>\n
<\/button>Copied to clipboard<\/span><\/p>\nsudo ufw allow from slave_ip to any port 3306<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\nOn AlmaLinux\/RHEL with firewalld:<\/p>\n
<\/button>Copied to clipboard<\/span><\/p>\nsudo firewall-cmd --permanent --add-rich-rule='rule family="ipv4" source address="slave_ip" port port=3306 protocol="tcp" accept'\nsudo firewall-cmd --reload<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\nAlso confirm MySQL is actually binding on the master’s network interface and not just 127.0.0.1<\/code>. Check bind-address<\/code> in mysqld.cnf<\/code> \u2014 it should be 0.0.0.0<\/code> or the master’s private IP, not 127.0.0.1<\/code>.<\/p>\nError: “Could not execute Write_rows event on table” (Error 1062: Duplicate entry)<\/h3>\n This happens when the slave already has a row that the master is trying to insert \u2014 usually because someone wrote directly to the slave, or the initial dump wasn’t taken while the lock was held. The fix depends on how far the data has diverged. For a small mismatch you can skip the offending event:<\/p>\n
<\/button>Copied to clipboard<\/span><\/p>\nSTOP SLAVE;\nSET GLOBAL SQL_SLAVE_SKIP_COUNTER = 1;\nSTART SLAVE;<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n\u26a0 Warning: Skipping events causes permanent data drift. If you’re seeing this repeatedly, re-seed the slave from a fresh dump. Don’t just keep skipping.<\/p>\n
Replication Stopped After MySQL Upgrade<\/h3>\n Upgrading MySQL on the master without upgrading the slave first will break replication, sometimes silently. Always upgrade the slave first, then the master. Check that both report the same major version with SELECT VERSION();<\/code> before restarting replication.<\/p>\nSlave Replication Lag Growing Continuously<\/h3>\n A single-threaded slave SQL thread can fall behind on write-heavy masters. Enable parallel replication in the slave’s config:<\/p>\n
<\/button>Copied to clipboard<\/span><\/p>\nslave_parallel_workers = 4\nslave_parallel_type = LOGICAL_CLOCK<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\nRestart MySQL on the slave after making the change. LOGICAL_CLOCK<\/code> is generally safer than DATABASE<\/code> for most workloads.<\/p>\n“Binary logging not possible” Error After Enabling GTIDs<\/h3>\n This error appears when you enable GTID mode but the existing binary logs contain transactions without GTIDs. You need to let those logs expire (or purge them manually) and then restart replication. Running RESET MASTER;<\/code> on the master clears the binary logs \u2014 only do this if the slave is already caught up and you’re prepared to re-seed it.<\/p>\nFAQ<\/h2>\n\n
Frequently Asked Questions<\/h2>\n\n
Does MySQL replication work in real-time?<\/h3>\n\n
It’s asynchronous by default, which means there’s a small delay between a write on the master and it appearing on the slave. In practice this is usually under a second on a well-provisioned setup. If you need guaranteed zero-lag, look into MySQL Group Replication or semi-synchronous replication, both of which have trade-offs in write performance.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
Can I use a slave server for read queries?<\/h3>\n\n
Yes, and that’s one of the most common reasons to set up replication. Point your application’s read queries at the slave’s IP and writes at the master. Most ORMs and database abstraction layers support read\/write splitting natively. Just account for replication lag \u2014 don’t run a read immediately after a write and expect the slave to have the new data yet.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
What happens to replication if the master server restarts?<\/h3>\n\n
The slave will keep trying to reconnect based on the master_retry_count<\/code> and master_connect_retry<\/code> settings (default: retry every 60 seconds, up to 86400 times). Once the master is back up, replication resumes from where it left off. No manual intervention needed in most cases.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n
Is MySQL replication the same as a backup?<\/h3>\n\n
No. Replication copies every change to the slave \u2014 including accidental deletes and DROP TABLE statements. If someone wipes a table on the master, that deletion replicates to the slave within seconds. Replication is for availability and read scaling, not for point-in-time recovery. You still need proper backups with tools like mysqldump or Percona XtraBackup.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
Do both servers need to be with the same hosting provider?<\/h3>\n\n
No, but latency between the master and slave directly affects replication lag. For production setups I’d recommend keeping both servers in the same datacentre or at least the same region. If you’re running two VPS nodes, using private networking between them keeps replication traffic off the public internet and avoids bandwidth costs.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
MySQL replication lets you automatically copy data from one server to another in near real-time \u2014 useful for read scaling, failover, and backups. This guide walks through setting up master-slave replication on Linux from scratch, including the gotchas that trip most people up the first time.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[59],"tags":[542,541,544,54,540,467,539,543],"class_list":["post-209","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-mysql","tag-binary-logging","tag-database-replication","tag-how-to-set-up-mysql-replication-master-slave-on-linux","tag-linux-server","tag-master-slave-replication","tag-mysql-configuration","tag-mysql-replication","tag-vps-database-setup"],"yoast_head":"\n
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